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SEMI S8-0705 © SEMI 1995, 2005 27 Body Part Awkward Posture #1 (angle in degrees from neutral) Comments Image Head / Neck 10. Neck flexion > 20 Neck flexion is bending the neck forward (e.g., looking downward). 11. Ne…

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SEMI S8-0705 © SEMI 1995, 2005 26
Table R1-3 Awkward Postures by Body Part
Body Part
Awkward Posture
#1
(angle in degrees from neutral)
Comments Image
Upper Extremities
1. Shoulder flexion > 45 Shoulder flexion is defined as reach in
front of body mid-line.
2. Shoulder extension > 0 Shoulder extension is defined as reach
behind body mid-line.
1 2
3. Shoulder abduction > 45 Abduction is movement of elbow away
from body.
3
4. Forearm pronation > 30 Pronation is “palm facing down.”
Measured from neutral (handshake)
position.
Note: Forearm pronation is less
stressful than either supination or
forearm rotation about the elbow.
5. Forearm supination > 30 Supination is “palm facing up”.
Measured from neutral (handshake)
position.
Neutral 4 5
6. Wrist flexion > 10 Flexion is closing (reducing) the angle
of the wrist.
7 Wrist extension > 15 Extension is opening (increasing) the
angle of the wrist.
6
7
8. Wrist ulnar
deviation
> 10 Ulnar deviation is bending the wrist in
the direction of the little finger.
9. Wrist radial
deviation
> 10 Radial deviation is bending the wrist in
the direction of the thumb.
8 9
SEMI S8-0705 © SEMI 1995, 2005 27
Body Part
Awkward Posture
#1
(angle in degrees from neutral)
Comments Image
Head / Neck
10. Neck flexion > 20 Neck flexion is bending the neck
forward (e.g., looking downward).
11. Neck extension > 0 Neck extension is bending the neck
back (e.g., looking up).
10 11
12. Neck lateral
flexion
> 20 Neck bent with the ear toward the
shoulder.
13. Head rotation > 45 Neck rotation is turning the neck (e.g.,
looking to the side).
12 13
Back (Standing)
14. Back bend,
forward flexion
> 20 Definition of “Awkward Posture”
applies if posture is static.
15. Back twist > 30 Measured from mid-sagittal plane of
body.
Note: mid-sagittal plane is defined as a
plane line drawn down the mid-line of
the body, perpendicular to the back.
14 15
16. Lateral bend > 20 Bend to the side of the body.
16
SEMI S8-0705 © SEMI 1995, 2005 28
Body Part
Awkward Posture
#1
(angle in degrees from neutral)
Comments Image
Seated Postures
17. Elbow flexion < 90, OR > 120 A 90 elbow angle is defined as the
theoretical “neutral” position.
18. Back trunk-thigh
angle
< 90 Increasing the trunk-thigh angle
reduces pressure on the lower back.
17 18
19. Knee angle < 90 Increasing the angle at the knees
reduces stress at the knees.
19
#1
Joint angles adapted from Humanscale 7/8/9, The MIT Press, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1981.