IPC-7095C-2013.pdf - 第64页

6 PRINTED CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY DESIGN CONSIDER- ATION 6.1 Component Placement and Clearances It is recom- mended that suf f icient clearance (3 mm to 5 mm) be pro- vided around BGAs to facilitate rework. The high-end clearan…

One side Type a Two sides Type b

Tented Via (Type I Via)

A via with a dry ﬁlm mask material applied

bridging over the via wherein no additional

materials are in the hole. It may be applied

to one side.

(Type I-a) or both sides (Type I-b) of the via

structure (IPC-4761, Figure 5-1).

Tented and Covered Via (Type II Via)

A Type I via with a secondary covering of mask

material applied over the tented via. The material

may be applied to one side (Type II-a) or both

sides (Type II-b) of the via structure (IPC-4761,

Figure 5-2).

Plugged Via (Type III Via)

A via with material applied allowing partial

penetration into the via. The plug material

may be applied from either one side (Type III-a)

or both sides (Type III-b) of the via structure

(IPC-4761, Figure 5-3).

Plugged and Covered Via (Type IV Via)

A Type III via with a secondary covering of

material applied over the via. The plug and

secondary covering material may be applied

from either one side (Type IV-a) or both sides

(Type IV-b) of the via structure (IPC-4761,

Figure 5-4).

Filled Via (Type V Via)

A via with material applied into the via targeting

a full penetration and encapsulation of the hole

(IPC-4761, Figure 5-5).

Filled and Covered Via (Type VI Via)

A Type V via with a secondary covering of

material (liquid or dry ﬁlm soldermask) applied

over the via. The covering material may be

applied from either one side (Type VI-a) or

both sides (Type VI-b) of the via structure

(IPC-4761, Figure 5-6).

Filled and Capped Via (Type VII Via)

A Type V via with a secondary metallized

coating covering the via. The metallization

is on both sides (IPC-4761, Figure 5-7).

Partially Filled Via

The illustrations show a via ﬁlled with

nonconductive epoxy and then plated

over with copper. This is commonly

used for via in pad applications

(IPC-4761, Figure 5-8).

Figure 5-12 Via Plug Methods

January 2013 IPC-7095C

Provided by IHS under license with IPC

Not for Resale

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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6 PRINTED CIRCUIT ASSEMBLY DESIGN CONSIDER-

ATION

6.1 Component Placement and Clearances

It is recom-

mended that sufficient clearance (3 mm to 5 mm) be pro-

vided around BGAs to facilitate rework. The high-end

clearances are recommended, especially for CBGA when

using a step stencil to deposit solder paste and using hot air

for rework. However, if using diode laser systems for

rework the spacing can be reduced to 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm

since laser rework does not impact adjacent components.

6.1.1 Pick and Place Requirements An advantage of

BGA packages over other advanced, high-pin count pack-

ages (ﬁne pitch, TAB, PGA, etc.) is the ability to be placed

using existing surface mount placement equipment. BGAs

are more forgiving in the pick-and-place process because

they self-align.

6.1.2 Repair/Rework Requirements Repair/rework of

BGA components is a major driver for component spacing

requirements. A typical BGA rework method requires ﬁve

steps:

1) heating the solder joints to reﬂow temperatures for

package removal;

2) removal and clean-up of solder on the BGA land pat-

tern;

3) application of new solder paste or ﬂux;

4) placement of the new BGA package;

5) heating the solder joints to reﬂow temperatures for

assembly of the BGA component to the circuit board.

A keepout area may be needed for each of these steps.

Rework equipment manufacturers can provide speciﬁc

details regarding necessary keepout areas. General rules are

outlined below.

Table 5-4 Via Fill Options

Top Bottom Top & Bottom No Plug

Pros

Increase rework robustness Yes Yes Yes No

Reduce secondary reﬂow risk at wave Yes Yes Yes No

Prevent solder drain Yes Yes Yes No

Cons

Secondary Fab process Yes Yes Yes No

Component side height proﬁle restriction

less than 50 µm

above solder mask

less than 50 µm

above solder mask

Flux contaminant concern

Yes – (if exposed to

wave solder directly)

No No No

Plug integrity concern

Yes (tented, plugged)

No (ﬁlled)

Yes (tented,

plugged)

No (ﬁlled)

Yes (tented, plugged)

No (ﬁlled)

IPC-7095c-5-13

Figure 5-13 Metal Core Board Construction Examples

IPC-7095C January 2013

Provided by IHS under license with IPC

Not for Resale

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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Nearly all hot air methods use a nozzle system that ﬁts

down over and/or around the BGA package to heat the sol-

der joints for removal and reﬂow. A component keepout

area of 2.5 mm away from the outer edge of the oven

nozzle is suggested. Including the nozzle size results in a

3.8 mm clearance from the component body. This spacing

around the BGA provides room for the nozzle and reduces

the risk of heating solder joints of adjacent components

above the reﬂow temperature. When using laser for rework,

the keepout area can be reduced to under 1 mm.

After a BGA package has been removed from the board

during repair, the solder lands must be cleaned and new

solder paste or ﬂux applied before a new component can be

placed. If the solder paste or ﬂux is dispensed using manual

methods, or if solder paste is applied using an automated

dispensing system, then there are no special component

keepout areas required. However, many repair systems use

a miniaturized stencil and squeegee to manually apply sol-

der paste either to the lands on the board or onto the balls

of the component. In general, a minimum of 3 mm compo-

nent keepout (i.e., the nominal distance between the body

of the component and the body of the neighboring compo-

nent) is needed so that both the nozzle clearance require-

ment and the mini-stencil requirement can be met when

printing to the lands on the board. The existence of a high

proﬁle neighboring component may require the minimum

distance to be much larger than the stated minimum value.

6.1.3 Global Placement There are no special global

placement requirements for BGA packages. However, it is

recommended that they not be placed near the board cen-

terlines. This reduces the potential of coplanarity problems

associated with the board warping during reﬂow. In addi-

tion, BGA packages should not be placed next to large

through-hole components, as these can stiffen the board

and signiﬁcantly increase localized BGA corner joint

stresses. In some cases, one might want to take advantage

of certain features that might actually help protect the BGA

if the induced strain relative to the BGA corners are

reduced by the stiffness caused by nearby through-hole or

other components. Finally, BGA packages should not be

placed with their diagonals in line with mounting stand-off,

bosses, and screws that support or secure the printed board

assembly, since this can induce levels of stress on the cor-

ner balls, which are more susceptible to damage.

6.1.4 Alignment Legends (Silkscreen, Copper Features,

Pin 1 Identifier)

Alignment features printed on the circuit

board are recommended for BGA packages to verify com-

ponent alignment before and after reﬂow. BGA packages,

especially PBGA, will self-align during reﬂow, even when

placed up to 50% off the lands. As a result, any misalign-

ments are generally one land diameter length or more off.

Alignment features will help verify that the component

placement is sufficiently accurate with visual inspection.

Silkscreen and copper are the two main materials used for

alignment legends. Silkscreen is the most visible material,

but requires the additional process step during board manu-

facturing. Copper alignment legends are created at the

same time all other copper features are created and, there-

fore, lead to more accurate placement. Higher speed cir-

cuitry may be affected by the ungrounded copper in this

solution. Unconnected copper conductors can collect a

capacitance which will dissipate uncontrollably.

In many instances, legends are used by equipment or indi-

viduals to evaluate the alignment of the BGA during the

placement operation. For peripheral leaded components,

the ﬁducial has been standardized so that placement equip-

ment can adjust the movement of the placement head

accordingly and improve the ﬁnal component positioning.

Local ﬁducials are often placed at opposite corners to allow

adjustment for the theta angle. This technique has been

incorporated into many placement tools and equipment.

The use of ﬁducials may not provide the most obvious

condition for human inspection; however, most inspectors

can approximate that the package is properly centered

between two ﬁducials in order to verify their position. In

some instances, companies have used angle brackets in

place of the ﬁducials to assist the human eye in making this

judgment; however, the camera for placement equipment is

not familiar with that conﬁguration, thus the practice is not

the most conducive for automatic assembly (see Figure

6-1).

Using silkscreen, the entire package can be outlined for

easy visual alignment. Another alignment pattern com-

monly used is to mark just the corners of the BGA pack-

age. Corner marks should only be 0.8 mm long on each

side. Copper can be used for corner marks, since it won’t

interfere with routing runs, as long as it does not affect cir-

cuitry performance such as unwanted capacitance.

All alignment legends should be offset 0.25 mm away from

the outer edge of the BGA package. This gives sufficient

clearance to view the features all around the BGA package.

Pin 1 identiﬁers are required on BGA land patterns. This

identiﬁer can be a caret, dot, or other easily visible shape.

The Pin 1 identiﬁer can be either silkscreen or copper and

IPC-7095c-6-1

Figure 6-1 BGA Alignment Marks

January 2013 IPC-7095C

Provided by IHS under license with IPC

Not for Resale

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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