IPC-A-600H-2010 中文版印制板的可接受性 (1).pdf - 第10页

适当的工具。每一种情况下的示意图和照片与具体的要求有关。本文件描述的各种特征可通过目视观察和/或对目视可观察特征的测量进行评定。本文件再加上适当的用户要求，应该足以为质量保证及制造人员提供有效的目检准则。本文件不可能覆盖印制板行业遇到的所有可靠性问题，因此，凡本文件没有提到的特性应当由供需双方协商确定（ AABUS ）。本文件的价值在于可将其作为基础文件，为了使之适合于某些具体的应用，可以对其进行补充、…

1.1 SCOPE

This document describes the preferred, acceptable, and noncon-

forming conditions that are either externally or internally observ-

able on printed boards. It represents the visual interpretation of

minimum requirements set forth in various printed board specifica-

tions, e.g.; IPC-6010 series, J-STD-003, etc.

1.1 范围

本文件描述了可从印制板外部或内部观察到的理想的、可接

受的和不符合的条件，给出了在各种印制板规范，即IPC-6010

系列文件、J-STD-003等文件中描述的最低要求的图示说明。

1.2 PURPOSE

The visual illustrations in this document portray specific criteria of

the requirements of current IPC specifications. In order to properly

apply and use the content of this document, the printed board

should comply with the design requirements of the applicable IPC-

2220 series document and the performance requirements of the

applicable IPC-6010 series document. In the event the printed

board does not comply with these or equivalent requirements, then

the acceptance criteria should be as agreed between user and sup-

plier (AABUS).

1.2 ⽬的

本文件中的目检示意图描述了现有IPC规范要求的具体准则。

为了适当地运用和使用本文件内容，印制板应该符合适用的

IPC-2220系列文件的设计要求和适用的IPC-6010系列文件的

性能要求。在印制线路板不符合这些要求或等效要求的情况

下，验收准则应该由供需双方协商确定（AABUS）。

1.3 APPROACH TO THIS DOCUMENT

Characteristics are divided into two general groups:

• Externally Observable (section 2)

• Internally Observable (section 3)

‘‘Externally observable’’ conditions are those features or

imperfections which can be seen and evaluated on or from the exte-

rior surface of the board. In some cases, such as voids or blisters,

the actual condition is an internal phenomenon and is detectable

from the exterior.

‘‘Internally observable’’ conditions are those features or imper-

fections that require microsectioning of the specimen or other

forms of conditioning for detection and evaluation. In some cases,

these features may be visible from the exterior and require micro-

sectioning in order to assess acceptability requirements.

Specimens should be illuminated during evaluation to the extent

needed for effective examination. The illumination should be such

that no shadow falls on the area of interest except those shadows

caused by the specimen itself. It is recommended that polarization

and/or dark field illumination be employed to prevent glare during

the examination of highly reflective materials.

The illustrations in this document portray specific criteria relating

to the heading and subheading of each page, with brief descriptions

of the acceptable and nonconforming conditions for each product

class. (See 1.4.) The visual quality acceptance criteria are intended

to provide proper tools for the evaluation of visual anomalies. The

illustrations and photographs in each situation are related to spe-

cific requirements. The characteristics addressed are those that can

be evaluated by visual observation and/or measurement of visually

observable features.

Supported by appropriate user requirements, this document should

provide effective visual criteria to quality assurance and manufac-

turing personnel.

This document cannot cover all of the reliability concerns encoun-

tered in the printed board industry; therefore, attributes not

addressed in this issue shall be AABUS. The value of this docu-

ment lies in its use as a baseline document that may be modified by

expansions, exceptions, and variations which may be appropriate

for specific applications.

When making accept and/or reject decisions, the awareness of

documentation precedence must be maintained.

This document is a tool for observing how a product may deviate

due to variation in processes. Refer to IPC-9191.

IPC-A-600 provides a useful tool for understanding and interpret-

ing Automated Inspection Technology (AIT) results. AIT may be

applicable to the evaluation of many of the dimensional character-

istics illustrated in this document.

1.3 本⽂件的使⽤⽅法

本文件中的有关特性可分为两大类：

• 外部可观察特性（第2章）

• 内部可观察特性（第3章）

“外部可观察特性”是指那些可在或可从板外表面观察到并

进行评定的特征或瑕疵。在某些情况下，例如空洞或起泡，

其实际状况是一种内部现象，但可从外部进行检查。

“内部可观察特性”是指那些需要对试样进行显微剖切片或

采用其它方法处理才能检查和评定的特征或缺陷。在某些情

况下，这些特征可从外部观察到，但仍需要进行显微剖切，

以确定其是否符合可接受性要求。

为了有效地进行检查，在评定过程中应该保证试样有足够照

明，即除试样本身引起的阴影外，照明不应该在所观察的区

域产生阴影。建议采用偏振光和/或暗场照明，防止在检验强

反射材料的过程中受反光的影响。

本文件中的示意图描述了与每页主标题和副标题有关的具体

准则，并以文字简述了每级产品的可接受条件和不符合条件

(见1.4节)。目检质量验收准则旨在为评定可见异常情况提供

1 INTRODUCTION（前⾔）

Introduction（前⾔）

1IPC-A-600H-2010 2010年4月

适当的工具。每一种情况下的示意图和照片与具体的要求有

关。本文件描述的各种特征可通过目视观察和/或对目视可观

察特征的测量进行评定。

本文件再加上适当的用户要求，应该足以为质量保证及制造

人员提供有效的目检准则。

本文件不可能覆盖印制板行业遇到的所有可靠性问题，

因此，凡本文件没有提到的特性应当由供需双方协商确定

（AABUS）。本文件的价值在于可将其作为基础文件，为了

使之适合于某些具体的应用，可以对其进行补充、免除和变

更等修改。

当作出接受和/或拒收决定时，必须了解并遵守文件的优先顺

序。

本文件可作为观察产品如何因工艺波动而导致其质量可能偏

离的一种工具。参见IPC-9191。

IPC-A-600为理解和解释采用自动检测技术（AIT）检测出的

结果提供了有效的工具。自动检测技术（AIT）可用于评定本

文件图示的许多尺寸特性。

1.4 CLASSIFICATION

This standard recognizes that electrical and electronic products are

subject to classifications by intended end-item use. Three general

end-product classes have been established to reflect differences in

producibility, complexity, functional performance requirements,

and verification (inspection/test) frequency. It should be recog-

nized that there may be overlaps of product between classes.

Process Indicator imperfections are permitted and are deliverable.

The user is responsible for defining the product class. The procure-

ment documentation package shall state the product class and any

exceptions to specific parameters, where appropriate.

Criteria defined in this document reflect three classes, which are as

follows:

Class 1 – Includes limited life products suitable for applications

where the requirement is function of the completed product.

Class 2 – Includes products where continued performance and

extended life is required, and for which uninterrupted service is

desired but not critical.

Class 3 – Includes products where continued high performance or

performance-on-demand is critical, product downtime cannot be

tolerated, and the product must function when required.

Acceptability criteria in this document have been separated so that

printed board product may be evaluated to any one of the three

classes. The use of one class for a specific characteristic does not

mean that all other characteristics must meet the same class. Selec-

tion should be based on minimum need. The customer has the ulti-

mate responsibility for identifying the class to which the product is

evaluated. Thus, accept and/or reject decisions must be based on

applicable documentation such as contracts, procurement docu-

mentation, specifications, standards and reference documents.

1.4 产品分级

本文件认可电气和电子产品的级别由其预期的最终用途决

定。根据生产性、复杂性、功能性能要求及验证（检验/测

试）频次将印制板分为三个通用级别。应该认识到不同级别

的产品之间可能会重叠。

制程警示类瑕疵是允许的，可交付使用。

用户负责产品级别的界定。采购文件包应当描述其产品级别

和对具体参数的任何例外（适用时）。

本文件中定义的准则反映了如下三个级别：

1级 – 包括寿命有限、对整机产品仅有功能性要求的产品。

2级 – 包括要求持续运行和较长寿命的产品，同时希望产品能

够不间断地工作，但这一要求并不严格。

３级 – 包括以连续高性能运行或严格按指令运行为关键的产

品。这类产品的服务间断是不允许的，且在有要求时必须能

够正常工作。

本文件的验收准则是按三种级别分别列出的，可按照三个级

别中的任何一个级别来评定印制板产品。对某一具体特性使

用某一级别的要求，并不意味着所有的其它特性也必须使用

同一级别的要求。产品级别的选择应该基于最低需要。用户

对确定产品的级别负有最终责任。因此，必须根据适用的文

件，如合同、采购文件、规范、标准和引用文件来作出接受

和/或拒收的决定。

1.5 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

Most of the illustrations and photographs included in this document

represent three levels of quality for each specific characteristic; i.e.,

Target Condition, Acceptable and Nonconforming. The text

included with each level establishes the ‘‘Acceptance Criteria’’ for

each class of product.

Target Condition in many cases is close to perfect. While this is

the desired condition it is not always achievable and may not be

necessary to ensure the reliability of the printed board in its service

environment.

Acceptable indicates that the condition depicted, while not nec-

essarily perfect, will maintain the integrity and reliability of the

printed board in its service environment. The acceptable condition

is considered acceptable for at least one or more classes but may

not be acceptable for all classes, as specified by the associated

acceptance criteria.

Nonconforming indicates that the condition depicted may be

insufficient to ensure the reliability of the printed board in its ser-

vice environment. The nonconforming condition is considered

1 INTRODUCTION（前⾔）

Introduction (cont.)（前⾔（续））

2 IPC-A-600H-20102010年4月

unacceptable for at least one or more classes of product but may be

acceptable for other classes as specified by the associated accep-

tance criteria.

The target, acceptable and nonconforming conditions depicted

herein and the associated acceptance criteria are intended to repre-

sent typical industrial practices. Requirements of individual prod-

uct designs may deviate from these criteria.

The examples shown in the photographs and/or illustrations are

sometimes exaggerated to make the referenced imperfection more

apparent. The relationship between the text and the examples is not

always parallel; it would be difficult to find many cases so specific

that they would always match the acceptance criteria. When photo-

graphs or illustrations contained in this standard are not consistent

with discussion in the written text, the written text takes precedence

and should be followed.

It should also be noted that some of the photographs used may have

more than one type of condition on the same example. It is neces-

sary that the users of this document pay particular attention to the

subject of each section to avoid misinterpretation.

It should be understood that the first inference to nonconformance

given implies that all other conditions of lesser magnitude are

acceptable. Thus, a criteria which states a nonconformance condi-

tion as 50% of the surface is pitted, for example, implies that any-

thing less than 50% of the surface being pitted is acceptable for that

characteristic in that class. Obviously, nonconformance in Class 1

implies nonconformance in Class 2 and Class 3; and likewise, non-

conformance for Class 2 implies nonconformance in Class 3.

An inspector shall not make the selection as to which class the part

under inspection belongs. When making accept and/or nonconfor-

mance decisions, the awareness of precedence of documentation

must be maintained.

In all cases, documentation should be available to the inspector

defining to which class the part submitted for inspection belongs.

Procedures and requirements for conducting visual inspections

related to this document shall be in accordance with the require-

ments of the applicable performance specification.

ln the event of conflict, the following order of precedence shall

apply:

1. Purchase Order (including exceptions to the master drawing, if

any)

2. Procurement documentation reflecting the customers detailed

requirements (such as master drawing)

3. Other documents to the extent specified by the customer

4. The end item performance specification such as the IPC-6010

series when invoked by the customer

5. This acceptability document. Printed boards should be of uni-

form quality and shall conform to the IPC-6010 series.

IPC-6010 series establishes the minimum acceptability require-

ments for printed boards. This document, IPC-A-600, is a compan-

ion and complementary document, providing pictorial interpreta-

tion of these requirements. It is not intended to be used as a

performance specification for printed board manufacture or pro-

curement.

IPC-A-600 can be used as a support document for inspection. It

does not specify frequency of in-process inspection or frequency of

end product inspection. Nor is the allowable number of noncon-

forming process indicators or the number of allowable repair/

rework of defects specified.

Visual examination for applicable attributes shall be conducted at 3

diopters (approx.1.75X). If the acceptable condition of a suspected

defect is not apparent, it should be verified at progressively higher

magnifications (up to 40X) to confirm that it is a defect. Dimen-

sional requirements such asspacing or conductor width measure-

ments may require other magnifications and devices with reticles or

scales in the instrument, which allow accurate measurements of the

specified dimensions. Contract or specification may require other

magnifications.

Plated-through holes (PTHs) shall be internally examined for foil

and plating integrity at a magnification of 100X. Referee examina-

tions shall be accomplished at a magnification of 200X.

Automated Inspection Technology (AIT) results may be applicable

to the evaluation of many of the dimensional characteristics illus-

trated in this document.

1.5 验收准则

本文件中的多数示意图和照片同时表示每一具体特性的三个

质量等级，即理想条件、可接受条件和不符合条件。而每个

等级的验收准则，则分别用不同的文字加以说明。

⽬标条件在多数情况下它接近完美的程度。虽然这是理想

的条件，但并不是总是可以达到，而且也不是保证印制板在

其使用环境中的可靠性所必需的条件。

可接受条件所描述的状况虽然未必完美，但却能保证印制板

在其使用环境中的完整性和可靠性。正如相关验收准则的规

定，可接受条件被认为至少对于一个级别或多个级别是可接

受的，但对于所有级别可能不是都可接受的。

不符合条件所描述的状况可能不足以保证印制板在其使用环

境中的可靠性。不符合条件被认为至少对于一个级别或多个

级别是不可接受的，但对于其他级别，按照相关验收准则的

规定，可能是可接受的。

此处描述的理想条件、可接受条件和不符合条件及相关验收

准则只代表常规的行业惯例。对于个别的产品设计，其要求

可能与这些准则不一致。

为了更清楚地图示所讨论的瑕疵特性，所用的照片和/或示意

图，往往有些夸张。文字说明与示例之间并非总是对应的；

1 INTRODUCTION（前⾔）

Introduction (cont.)（前⾔（续））

3IPC-A-600H-2010 2010年4月