IPC-A-600H-2010 中文版印制板的可接受性 (1).pdf - 第11页

unacceptable for at least one or more classes of product but may be acceptable for other classes as specified by the associated accep- tance criteria. The target, acceptable and nonconforming conditions depicted herein a…

适当的工具。每一种情况下的示意图和照片与具体的要求有

关。本文件描述的各种特征可通过目视观察和/或对目视可观

察特征的测量进行评定。

本文件再加上适当的用户要求，应该足以为质量保证及制造

人员提供有效的目检准则。

本文件不可能覆盖印制板行业遇到的所有可靠性问题，

因此，凡本文件没有提到的特性应当由供需双方协商确定

（AABUS）。本文件的价值在于可将其作为基础文件，为了

使之适合于某些具体的应用，可以对其进行补充、免除和变

更等修改。

当作出接受和/或拒收决定时，必须了解并遵守文件的优先顺

序。

本文件可作为观察产品如何因工艺波动而导致其质量可能偏

离的一种工具。参见IPC-9191。

IPC-A-600为理解和解释采用自动检测技术（AIT）检测出的

结果提供了有效的工具。自动检测技术（AIT）可用于评定本

文件图示的许多尺寸特性。

1.4 CLASSIFICATION

This standard recognizes that electrical and electronic products are

subject to classifications by intended end-item use. Three general

end-product classes have been established to reflect differences in

producibility, complexity, functional performance requirements,

and verification (inspection/test) frequency. It should be recog-

nized that there may be overlaps of product between classes.

Process Indicator imperfections are permitted and are deliverable.

The user is responsible for defining the product class. The procure-

ment documentation package shall state the product class and any

exceptions to specific parameters, where appropriate.

Criteria defined in this document reflect three classes, which are as

follows:

Class 1 – Includes limited life products suitable for applications

where the requirement is function of the completed product.

Class 2 – Includes products where continued performance and

extended life is required, and for which uninterrupted service is

desired but not critical.

Class 3 – Includes products where continued high performance or

performance-on-demand is critical, product downtime cannot be

tolerated, and the product must function when required.

Acceptability criteria in this document have been separated so that

printed board product may be evaluated to any one of the three

classes. The use of one class for a specific characteristic does not

mean that all other characteristics must meet the same class. Selec-

tion should be based on minimum need. The customer has the ulti-

mate responsibility for identifying the class to which the product is

evaluated. Thus, accept and/or reject decisions must be based on

applicable documentation such as contracts, procurement docu-

mentation, specifications, standards and reference documents.

1.4 产品分级

本文件认可电气和电子产品的级别由其预期的最终用途决

定。根据生产性、复杂性、功能性能要求及验证（检验/测

试）频次将印制板分为三个通用级别。应该认识到不同级别

的产品之间可能会重叠。

制程警示类瑕疵是允许的，可交付使用。

用户负责产品级别的界定。采购文件包应当描述其产品级别

和对具体参数的任何例外（适用时）。

本文件中定义的准则反映了如下三个级别：

1级 – 包括寿命有限、对整机产品仅有功能性要求的产品。

2级 – 包括要求持续运行和较长寿命的产品，同时希望产品能

够不间断地工作，但这一要求并不严格。

３级 – 包括以连续高性能运行或严格按指令运行为关键的产

品。这类产品的服务间断是不允许的，且在有要求时必须能

够正常工作。

本文件的验收准则是按三种级别分别列出的，可按照三个级

别中的任何一个级别来评定印制板产品。对某一具体特性使

用某一级别的要求，并不意味着所有的其它特性也必须使用

同一级别的要求。产品级别的选择应该基于最低需要。用户

对确定产品的级别负有最终责任。因此，必须根据适用的文

件，如合同、采购文件、规范、标准和引用文件来作出接受

和/或拒收的决定。

1.5 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

Most of the illustrations and photographs included in this document

represent three levels of quality for each specific characteristic; i.e.,

Target Condition, Acceptable and Nonconforming. The text

included with each level establishes the ‘‘Acceptance Criteria’’ for

each class of product.

Target Condition in many cases is close to perfect. While this is

the desired condition it is not always achievable and may not be

necessary to ensure the reliability of the printed board in its service

environment.

Acceptable indicates that the condition depicted, while not nec-

essarily perfect, will maintain the integrity and reliability of the

printed board in its service environment. The acceptable condition

is considered acceptable for at least one or more classes but may

not be acceptable for all classes, as specified by the associated

acceptance criteria.

Nonconforming indicates that the condition depicted may be

insufficient to ensure the reliability of the printed board in its ser-

vice environment. The nonconforming condition is considered

1 INTRODUCTION（前⾔）

Introduction (cont.)（前⾔（续））

2 IPC-A-600H-20102010年4月

unacceptable for at least one or more classes of product but may be

acceptable for other classes as specified by the associated accep-

tance criteria.

The target, acceptable and nonconforming conditions depicted

herein and the associated acceptance criteria are intended to repre-

sent typical industrial practices. Requirements of individual prod-

uct designs may deviate from these criteria.

The examples shown in the photographs and/or illustrations are

sometimes exaggerated to make the referenced imperfection more

apparent. The relationship between the text and the examples is not

always parallel; it would be difficult to find many cases so specific

that they would always match the acceptance criteria. When photo-

graphs or illustrations contained in this standard are not consistent

with discussion in the written text, the written text takes precedence

and should be followed.

It should also be noted that some of the photographs used may have

more than one type of condition on the same example. It is neces-

sary that the users of this document pay particular attention to the

subject of each section to avoid misinterpretation.

It should be understood that the first inference to nonconformance

given implies that all other conditions of lesser magnitude are

acceptable. Thus, a criteria which states a nonconformance condi-

tion as 50% of the surface is pitted, for example, implies that any-

thing less than 50% of the surface being pitted is acceptable for that

characteristic in that class. Obviously, nonconformance in Class 1

implies nonconformance in Class 2 and Class 3; and likewise, non-

conformance for Class 2 implies nonconformance in Class 3.

An inspector shall not make the selection as to which class the part

under inspection belongs. When making accept and/or nonconfor-

mance decisions, the awareness of precedence of documentation

must be maintained.

In all cases, documentation should be available to the inspector

defining to which class the part submitted for inspection belongs.

Procedures and requirements for conducting visual inspections

related to this document shall be in accordance with the require-

ments of the applicable performance specification.

ln the event of conflict, the following order of precedence shall

apply:

1. Purchase Order (including exceptions to the master drawing, if

any)

2. Procurement documentation reflecting the customers detailed

requirements (such as master drawing)

3. Other documents to the extent specified by the customer

4. The end item performance specification such as the IPC-6010

series when invoked by the customer

5. This acceptability document. Printed boards should be of uni-

form quality and shall conform to the IPC-6010 series.

IPC-6010 series establishes the minimum acceptability require-

ments for printed boards. This document, IPC-A-600, is a compan-

ion and complementary document, providing pictorial interpreta-

tion of these requirements. It is not intended to be used as a

performance specification for printed board manufacture or pro-

curement.

IPC-A-600 can be used as a support document for inspection. It

does not specify frequency of in-process inspection or frequency of

end product inspection. Nor is the allowable number of noncon-

forming process indicators or the number of allowable repair/

rework of defects specified.

Visual examination for applicable attributes shall be conducted at 3

diopters (approx.1.75X). If the acceptable condition of a suspected

defect is not apparent, it should be verified at progressively higher

magnifications (up to 40X) to confirm that it is a defect. Dimen-

sional requirements such asspacing or conductor width measure-

ments may require other magnifications and devices with reticles or

scales in the instrument, which allow accurate measurements of the

specified dimensions. Contract or specification may require other

magnifications.

Plated-through holes (PTHs) shall be internally examined for foil

and plating integrity at a magnification of 100X. Referee examina-

tions shall be accomplished at a magnification of 200X.

Automated Inspection Technology (AIT) results may be applicable

to the evaluation of many of the dimensional characteristics illus-

trated in this document.

1.5 验收准则

本文件中的多数示意图和照片同时表示每一具体特性的三个

质量等级，即理想条件、可接受条件和不符合条件。而每个

等级的验收准则，则分别用不同的文字加以说明。

⽬标条件在多数情况下它接近完美的程度。虽然这是理想

的条件，但并不是总是可以达到，而且也不是保证印制板在

其使用环境中的可靠性所必需的条件。

可接受条件所描述的状况虽然未必完美，但却能保证印制板

在其使用环境中的完整性和可靠性。正如相关验收准则的规

定，可接受条件被认为至少对于一个级别或多个级别是可接

受的，但对于所有级别可能不是都可接受的。

不符合条件所描述的状况可能不足以保证印制板在其使用环

境中的可靠性。不符合条件被认为至少对于一个级别或多个

级别是不可接受的，但对于其他级别，按照相关验收准则的

规定，可能是可接受的。

此处描述的理想条件、可接受条件和不符合条件及相关验收

准则只代表常规的行业惯例。对于个别的产品设计，其要求

可能与这些准则不一致。

为了更清楚地图示所讨论的瑕疵特性，所用的照片和/或示意

图，往往有些夸张。文字说明与示例之间并非总是对应的；

1 INTRODUCTION（前⾔）

Introduction (cont.)（前⾔（续））

3IPC-A-600H-2010 2010年4月

很难找到与验收准则总是相一致的很多案例；当本标准中的

照片或示意图与文字说明不一致时，以文字描述为优先，并

应该遵循文字说明的规定。

还应该注意到本文件中某些照片可能同时用来表示同一示

例的多种状况。因此，本文件的使用者要特别注意每节的主

题，以避免产生误解。

对于给定的不符合条件，应该理解为凡缺陷程度低于不符合

条件的所有其它条件都是可接受的。因此，例如某项准则规

定不符合条件为表面50%出现麻点，这意味着在该级别的印

制板中，只要产生麻点的表面小于50%，对该特性来说是可

接受的。显然，对于1级板是不符合的状况，意味着对于2级

板和3级板也均为不符合；同样，对于2级板是不符合的状况

意味着对于3级板也是不符合的状况。

检验员不应当对所检验产品归属哪一级别作出选择。在作出

接受和/或不符合决定时，必须有意识地遵守文件优先顺序。

在所有情况下，应该向检验员提供确定交付检验产品属于哪

一级别的文件。

与该文件相关的目视检验程序和要求，应当与所适用性能规

范的要求相一致。

如果发生冲突，应当采用下列优先顺序：

1. 采购文件（如有，包括针对布设总图的例外条件）；

2. 反映客户详细要求的采购文件（如布设总图）；

客

户指定的其它文件；

4. 客户要求引用的最终产品的性能规范，例如IPC-6010系列

文件；

5. 本可接受性文件。印制板应该具有一致的质量，并应当符

合IPC-6010系列文件的规定。

IPC-6010系列文件规定了印制板的最低可接受性要求。而本

文件，即IPC-A-600，则是为上述要求提供图示解释的一种配

套及补充文件，不推荐用作印制板生产或采购的性能规范。

IPC-A-600可作为检验支持性文件。它没有规定对在制品的检

验频次和对最终产品的检验频次。同时，也没有规定所允许

的不符合的制程警示的数量，也没有规定对缺陷的维修/返工

所允许的次数。

对适用特性进行目视检查应当在3个屈光度（1.75倍的放大倍

数）下进行。如果疑似缺陷的可接受条件不明显，则应该将

放大倍数逐步调高（直至40倍）以确认其是否为缺陷。对于

尺寸检验，例如间距或导体宽度的测量，可能要求采用其它

放大倍数和使用有十字线或刻度线的仪器，以便能对规定的

尺寸进行精确测量。合同或规范也可能对放大倍数有其它要

求。

应当在100倍的放大倍数下对镀覆孔内部的铜箔和镀层完整性

进行检查。应当在200倍的放大倍数下进行仲裁检查。

自动检查技术（AIT）可用于评定本文件图示

的

许多尺寸特

性。

1.6 Applicable Documents The following specifications of the

revision in effect at the time of order form a part of this document

to the extent specified herein. If a conflict of requirements exists

between this specification and the listed applicable documents, this

specification shall take precedence.

1.6 引⽤⽂件下订单时，下列文件的有效版本构成了本规

范在此限定范围内的组成部分。如本规范和所列引用文件发

生冲突，应当以本规范为优先。

1.6.1 IPC

J-STD-003 印制板可焊性测试

IPC-T-50 电子电路互连与封装术语及定义

IPC-TM-650 Test Methods Manual

2.1.1 Microsectioning

2.1.1.2 显微剖切-半自动或全自动技术的剖切设备

（替代方法）

2.2.2 Optical Dimensional Verification

2.3.25 Detection and Measurement of Ionizable Surface Con-

taminants

2.4.1 附着力 - 胶带测试

2.4.22 Bow and Twist

2.4.28.1 Adhesion, Solder Resist (Mask), Tape Test Method

2.6.25 Conductive Anodic Filament (CAF) Resistance Test

(Electrochemical Migration Testing)

IPC-SM-840 Qualification and Performance of Permanent Solder

Mask

IPC-2220 Family of Design Documents

IPC-4562 Metal Foil for Printed Wiring Applications

IPC-4781 Qualification and Performance Specification of Perma-

nent, Semi-Permanent and Temporary Legend and/or Marking Inks

IPC-6010 IPC-6010印制板性能系列文件

IPC-9191 General Requirements for Implementation of Statisti-

cal Process Control

IPC-9691 User Guide for the IPC-TM-650, Method 2.6.25, Con-

ductive Anodic Filament (CAF) Resistance Test (Electrochemical

Migration Testing)

1.6.2 美国机械⼯程师协会

ASME B46.1 Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness and

Lay)

1. www.ipc.org

2. Current and revised IPC Test Methods are available on the IPC Web Site

(www.ipc.org/html/testmethods.htm)

3. www.asme.org

1 INTRODUCTION（前⾔）

Introduction (cont.)（前⾔（续））

4 IPC-A-600H-20102010年4月