IPC-A-600H-2010 中文版 印制板的可接受性 (1).pdf - 第27页

造 成白斑 /微 裂 纹 状况的因 素 还 有: 树脂 的 成 分、 层 压 方法、 耦 合 剂 , T g 等。 过 去搜集 到的 报告 显示, 白斑 和微 裂 纹 范 围超 过 间距 的 50% 以上时, 也 不 会 影响 硬 件的可靠性。 既 然 所有 测试 报告 都 显示 白斑 没有问题, 而且 没有使用 失 效的 报告 , 为 什么我们 还 如此 顾虑 白斑 和微 裂 纹 现象 呢? 因为理 论 上 看 来 ,如 果导 体之 …

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Even when the potential failure mechanism mentioned above is
analyzed, it is almost impossible to experience such (IR/ migration)
failure. First, a measle(s) gapping conductive patterns is needed.
Secondly, moisture in the printed board/ assembly, along with a
conductive or ionic contaminant such as chlorides, is necessary.
In this instance, a typical industry example, the measle is at the
center between two plated through holes (see Figure 23b). The
measle is 0.4 mm [0.0157 in] wide. In order to get possible copper
migration, the measle had to gap the two plated through holes. This
of course would be most unlikely. The second example (see Figure
23c) illustrates what is required for a potential failure mechanism
between two surface conductors. A (+) conductor directly over a
knuckle is required and a (-) conductor is also required directly over
a knuckle. For an electrical short to occur between these conductors
through the base material, there would need to be a conductive path
from one conductive pattern, through the remaining dielectric
materials (resin and yarn) to the separation (measle), along the
separation in the direction of the other conductive pattern, once
again through the remaining dielectric materials (resin and yarn),
and to the second conductive pattern. In order to induce a failure all
of the above mentioned ingredients are required along with a volt-
age potential between two adjacent conductors. This occurrence is
highly unlikely and is most likely why the industry has not experi-
enced any adverse reliability problems due to measles.
When making acceptance calls on electronic hardware, consider all
the possible concerns mentioned above. Measles should not be con-
sidered a nonconforming condition. It should instead be considered
a process indicator, telling you that the process is on the verge of
going out of control. Correct the problem, but do not scrap the
product, taking into account all of the above mentioned variables.
第⼆届IPC蓝带委员会关于⽩斑的概述
二届委会成1978。它了第一届委
现,了更数据料,并审阅IPC员提供的
有验收准则。第二届蓝会得出了样的结论白斑
是一种外观性的制程示,在大多数应用中,几乎没有任何
有关影响产品性能的报道。一主要的例外是应用。
此时仍有一些政府机构和业界公反对条件地接受白斑
因此,该制定了一由所有IPC员一致同意的白斑/
要求。的验收要求适用于印制板电子组装过程中
三个主要阶段板材料、印制板检和印制板组装
这些要求包括导间距(不出最
)和基于产品级的印制板(或组装件)每面的白斑区域
的大。这些要求作为修本补充到IPC-A-600C
中,并纳入IPC-A-600C的再中,IPC-A-600D中以不
出现。
说明:反对方明的主要顾虑如下:
电气绝缘包括和表面 - 一些报告和现
有的测试数据都表明:绝缘白斑或微的影响不明
显。
污染 - 离子残留物可能扩散抽吸(由于大
生变)到白斑或微中,并会导致绝缘低或
阳极丝CAF)的生路。盐雾测试表明,这个根
不能,大多数离子物(例如)不扩散到基材中。
所用 -高应用关系是一顾虑其是白斑或微
中可能出现“”的情况下),与类白斑/微
区域 ,有白斑/微的区域的绝缘低了20%
50%其在20km12.43)以上的海拔高度下。
环境
-
多数白斑/微环境测试加或尺寸
大。
IPC-A-600E本是第一表面技术需求的修
订版。因此,对白斑和微的验收要求便了。白斑
,验收要求允许接表面间距。这样规定基于
的定、测试数据而且验中从没有白斑导致
能性效的记载。微是产生于基材内的一种更不受
的分现象,成白斑间互连,其范可能
,因此,对白斑的验收要求与类的分和起泡状况
相同
,一些指规范过于重白斑现象。,外
也成为一主要的验收准则。实上,迄今为止,根据
方及工业测试现,白斑未导致任何效。
IPC、业及各机构极端环境条件下,对出现严重白斑
件进行了广泛的测试,并没有白斑扩散
能的现象。白斑不应该作为拒收的理由。
白斑生在织纤维基板内的一种内在现象,
基材内的纤维纱束处的生分。“微”一
有时用描述表面上连成片的白斑列现象。这种作微
互连白斑,其实是分的一种,即纤维线沿
长度树脂生了分。对于的材料,这种情
况类白斑但是状不规则(见图23a
在一研究例中,所观察到的白斑现象主要因是能快速
扩散氧玻璃中的湿接时的作用的
结果时产生的裹挟湿
破坏氧玻璃在“接合”(氧玻璃线与线
处)的合。根据验,我们知道氧玻璃收大
中的湿,当湿0.3%)时,在/
和/或组装焊接作业中使白斑加。
2.3
BASE
MATERIAL SUBSURFACE(基材表⾯下)
Introduction (cont.)(引⾔(续)
18 IPC-A-600H-201020104
成白斑/微状况的因有:树脂分、方法、
T
g
等。去搜集到的报告显示,白斑和微围超
间距50%以上时,影响件的可靠性。所有
测试报告显示白斑没有问题,而且没有使用效的报告
什么我们如此顾虑白斑和微现象呢?因为理
,如果导体之间布白斑湿或其他污染物
体之应该迁移(即绝缘阻失效)
尽管上文分在的理,但出现这样的效(绝缘
迁移几乎是不可能的。需要白斑填满导电
。其,印制板/件内需要有,并导电的或
污染物,例如氯化
23b图示了业的一典型实例,白斑位于两个镀孔间
处(见图23b,其宽度0.4mm[0.0157in]。要想使
为可能,白斑必须占满个镀的区域。这种情
况当是不可能生的。个案例(见图23c)图示了两
表面体之间存理的条件。它要求一根带正
+刚好落纤维交织点上,要求个带
-刚好落纤维交织点上。要想这两个导
通过基材产生电气路,需在以下这样一条导电通路:从
个导电形开始质材料(树脂纤维)到分
离点白斑沿个导电的方,再
质材料(树脂纤维,最个导电
上述条件符合的情况下,需要这两个相体之
。这是常不可能的情。这是为什么界至今尚无
由于白斑可靠性问题的因。
确定电子组件验收准则时,要上述所有可能生的情
况。不应该白斑作不符合条件。应该将白斑作为制程
示,它告诉你制程临失控的可能。问题,不是
报废产品,分上述种种可能,隐患
Brief summary of the Third IPC Blue Ribbon Committee on
Measles
In 2004, the issue of printed board laminate degradation caused by
internal Conductive Anodic Filament (CAF) growth came to the
forefront of discussions among the IPC printed board assembly
standards groups (including the 7-31b IPC-A-610 and 5-22a
National Standard for Soldering task groups.) It was observed that
circuit density, operating speed, band pass and reduced operating
voltage had impacted the ability of circuits to operate under condi-
tions supporting dendrite or CAF development.
With the proliferation of finer line conductors and reduced spacing
in current designs, discussions within the assembly standards
groups questioned the role of measles within printed board lami-
nate materials as a potential catalyst for CAF growth.
For years, IPC standards for electronic production contained no
restrictions for the occurrence of measles in printed boards and/or
assemblies. Theoretically, measles could be continuous between
conductors and could exist throughout the printed board. It was
noted that this allowance was based on studies conducted nearly 30
years earlier based on circuit designs from that time period. It was
recognized that a need existed to reconsider the measles require-
ments for today's production designs and product environment.
In the interim, as a means to call attention to this potential problem,
IPC assembly documents were changed to include pass/fail (defect)
criteria for Class 3 assemblies that exhibited the visual appearance
of measles.
The new measles criteria created in the assembly documents
defined requirements that were stricter than those given in the
printed board documents unless the additional IPC-6012, Class 3A
(Military and Aerospace) requirements were considered. IPC-
6012, Class 3A does not allow measles in bare boards for these
industry segments, however Class 3 printed boards produced in
accordance with 6012, which exhibited measles, were no longer
acceptable for use in the assembly documents for Class 3 in gen-
eral. This requirement conflict was brought to the attention of the
IPC Technical Activities Executive Committee (TAEC) and that
body directed both groups to work together to come to some reso-
lution, based on test data that would bring the documents into
agreement on the acceptance criteria.
The leadership of the printed board standards committees formed a
new Blue Ribbon Committee on Measles and designed and per-
formed testing to determine if measles contributed to CAF failures
in actual end product. This test protocol was completed in late 2006
and presented to the printed board standards committees at IPC
Printed Circuits Expo/APEX 2007. There was conclusive evidence
within the test that measles did not contribute to CAF growth; nor
did the presence of measles promote CAF failures in the end prod-
uct that exhibited CAF.
2.3 BASE MATERIAL SUBSURFACE(基材表⾯下)
Introduction (cont.)(引⾔(续)
19IPC-A-600H-2010 20104
This presentation was then given to the assembly standards groups
for their consideration. The request was made that the requirements
in the bare printed board and assembly documents be changed to
track with each other.
The leadership of the assembly standards groups concurred that the
industry now had test data that addressed their original concerns
regarding the potential of measles to promote CAF failures. They
also agreed that the documents should be amended to eliminate the
conflicting measles requirements. The groups jointly drafted the
words, comments, and instructions for all documents regarding
measles and these were presented to the committee membership at
the 2007 IPC Midwest Conference. Copies of the test protocol sum-
mary are available through the IPC.
第三届IPC蓝带委员会关于⽩斑的概述
2004年,由于内部导电阳极丝CAF)生的印制板基
材质量退化问题在IPC印制板组装标准工作包括7-31b
IPC-A-6105-22a接标准任务工作)中为了讨论
观察,、运行、通、工作
低在有CAF的条件下路的运行有影
响。
着电设计中线条体的加和间距组装
标准工作 对印制板基白斑的作用提出了问,
其是CAF催化
IPC电子生产的标准中均未盖对印制板和/或组装
板中白斑现象的制。从理白斑可能在体之间连
现,可能在于印制板。大意到了这种允许
规定是基于30在当时路设计上的研究。大认识到有
需要对当的生产设计和产品环境重白斑的要求.
在此期间,为了引起对这一在问题的关IPC组装文件
作了变更,变更盖了对3组装件中白斑外观的合/不合
(缺陷)的准则。
除了采用IPC-60123A级(用和空)要求,否则在
组装文件中建的关于白斑准则印制板文件中规定的
要求更严格IPC-60123A级不允许在这些行业域的
上出现白斑,但是,6012生产的3级印制板出现白斑时,
如用于组装3级产品,通常是不可接受的。这一要求的矛盾
起了IPC技术TAEC)的关,在该
的指下,两工作一起力找到了解决方根据测试
数据,使文件中的验收准则到一
在印制板标准 下,白斑
设计并进行了实验以确定白斑是否是实际整机
品中CAF 效的因。该实验程2006期完成,并于
IPC
2007
印制板展览/APEX期间给印制板。其
测试的总结性证说明白斑不是CAF的起因,不是出现
CAF整机产品中CAF效的因。
报告后组装标准工作,提更改
文件,以使印制板文件和组装文件的要求互相
组装标准工作致同意,提出现在行业中有测试
数据解决了白斑CAF效的最初顾虑
会同 意对文件进行修除对白斑要求的矛盾
处。工作合起了所有文件中关于白斑的文字、意见和
建议,并于2007IPC西期间会成员。该
测试程序总结可通过IPC获得
23b ⽩斑跨接了导电图形的案例
注:此图仅⽤作说明状况,并不要求做显微剖切评价。
0.35 mm
[0.0138 in]
0.25 mm
[0.00984 in]
0.40 mm
[0.0157 in]
1.00 mm
[0.040 in]
23c 两个表⾯导体之间潜在失效机理的案例
注:此图仅⽤作说明状况,并不要求做显微剖切评价。
0.80 mm
[0.031 in]
+-+
23a 微裂纹案例
注:此图仅⽤作说明状况,并不要求做显微剖切评价。
2.3 BASE MATERIAL SUBSURFACE(基材表⾯下)
Introduction (cont.)(引⾔(续)
20 IPC-A-600H-201020104