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SEMI S8-0705 © SEMI 1995, 2005 36 R5-3.5 The display sho uld be positioned so the user has a clear line o f sight. Displays should not be located where they are obstru cted (by cont rols, equipment, body parts, etc.) or …
SEMI S8-0705 © SEMI 1995, 2005 35
RELATED INFORMATION 5
CONTROLS AND DISPLAYS
NOTICE: This related information is not an official part of SEMI S8 and is not intended to modify or supersede the
official guidelines. It was derived from the work of the originating task force. Publication was authorized by full
ballot procedures. Determination of the suitability of the material is solely the user’s responsibility.
R5-1 General Considerations
R5-1.1 The selection and/or design of controls and displays should be based on careful analysis of equipment
functionality requirements. This will determine what information the operator needs to make appropriate decisions
and responses, thus reducing potential design-induced error.
R5-1.2 Potential errors due to inattention, stress, fatigue, sensory overload, etc., need to be considered during
system design. This can be accomplished by ensuring that critical controls and displays attract the user’s attention
and that controls and displays are clearly labeled and arranged to reduce confusion. Whenever possible, functionally
related controls and displays should be grouped together.
R5-1.3 Appropriate feedback should be provided for system status, mode of operation, operator input actions, and
equipment malfunctions.
R5-1.4 Controls and displays should be clearly labeled/identified by function. Controls and displays can be coded
by color, size, shape, or location to help discriminate between functions and identify critical information. Colors
should be in accordance with NFPA 79 and EN 60204-1.
R5-1.5 Placement of labels should be consistent on pieces of equipment (e.g., either below or above controls and
displays).
R5-1.6 To accommodate color blind users, color should be supplemental to other means of coding such as icons,
words, flashing, shape, etc.
R5-2 Controls
R5-2.1 In general, the design of controls should consider the following criteria:
R5-2.2 Control movement or activation should be compatible with users’ expectations and provide positive
evidence that an input has been accepted or that control action is being accomplished. Feedback can be visual,
auditory, tactile, or a combination thereof.
R5-2.3 Controls should be designed and located to minimize awkward postures.
R5-2.4 Controls should be designed, positioned, or protected to prevent inadvertent actuation.
R5-2.5 The maximum width of frequently used control panels should be 68.6 cm (27 in.).
R5-2.6 Controls should be located away from chemical, thermal, radiation, electrical, or mechanical hazards. If
such a location cannot be avoided, controls should be appropriately shielded and labeled.
R5-2.7 Control force requirements should be designed in accordance with HumanScale, NFPA 79, EN 60204-1, or
another recognized standard.
R5-3 Visual Displays
R5-3.1 The type of visual display selected should depend on the nature of information conveyed and conditions of
use. The effectiveness and utility of a visual display generally depends on visibility, legibility, and meaningfulness.
R5-3.2 Further information may be found in MIL-STD-1472 for non-VDT displays, and ISO 9241 for VDTs.
R5-3.3 The visibility of a display is determined by the viewing distance, the size of the display, the location, angle
of view, local illumination characteristics, obstructions, or reflections.
R5-3.4 Critical and frequently used displays should be placed in the operator’s primary viewing area.
SEMI S8-0705 © SEMI 1995, 2005 36
R5-3.5 The display should be positioned so the user has a clear line of sight. Displays should not be located where
they are obstructed (by controls, equipment, body parts, etc.) or subject to glare. Display viewing should not require
awkward body postures.
R5-3.6 The legibility of a display is determined primarily by its visual angle and luminance contrast with the
background.
R5-3.7 There should be sufficient contrast between the object, letters, or numbers on a display to separate them
from the background, minimum ratio 3:1, preferred is 7:1 (ISO 9241). Too much contrast may result in glare.
R5-3.8 The ability of displayed information to communicate with the user clearly and precisely depends on the
amount of information displayed. Display design should emphasize simplicity and usability to:
R5-3.8.1 Reduce error and decrease response time.
R5-3.8.2 Provide only the amount of information necessary and only at a level of precision required.
R5-3.8.3 Display content in a directly usable form with no transformation required.
R5-4 Auditory Displays
R5-4.1 Auditory coding or signals may be used to alert a user to critical conditions or operations. Auditory coding
should be supplementary to visual coding. Auditory displays can be used effectively when:
R5-4.1.1 Vision is overburdened or degraded,
R5-4.1.2 The message requires immediate action,
R5-4.1.3 The job requires the operator or maintainer to move around frequently,
R5-4.1.4 The message is simple and short,
R5-4.1.5 The message signals an event in time, or
R5-4.1.6 The message does not need to be referred to later.
R5-5 Control - Display Relationships
R5-5.1 The relationship between associated controls and displays (their organization and layout) is critical to
optimizing system performance and minimizing operator error.
R5-5.2 Controls and displays should be organized into functional groups and positioned according to criticality,
sequence of operation, and frequency of use.
R5-5.3 Control-display compatibility refers to the extent to which the relationship between a control operation and
its effect is predictable by the user. Predictability is determined by individual and population cultural stereotypes
(user expectations, previous experience, an idea of the way equipment works, etc.). Lack of compatibility degrades
speed, accuracy of performance, and increases probability of error. Types of compatibility include sequential
arrangement, spatial organization, and direction of movement. Technology transfer and utilization by a multi-
cultural or multi-ethnic work force, as well as across global user populations should consider the impact of cultural
and behavioral stereotypes.
R5-5.4 Display layout, control location, and operation should be similar throughout a particular type and/or model
of equipment or system. Consistency is particularly important for color, shape, and size of controls, scale markings
on displays, and labeling.
SEMI S8-0705 © SEMI 1995, 2005 37
RELATED INFORMATION 6
USER COMPUTER INTERFACE
NOTICE: This related information is not an official part of SEMI S8 and is not intended to modify or supersede the
official guidelines. It was derived from the work of the originating task force. Publication was authorized by full
ballot procedures. Determination of the suitability of the material is solely the user’s responsibility.
R6-1 Operator Interaction
NOTE R6-1: Refer to ISO 9241 for detailed guidance.
R6-1.1 The dialogue should be suitable for the task.
NOTE R6-2: A dialogue is suitable for a task when it supports the user in the effective and efficient completion of the task.
R6-1.1.1 The dialogue should present the user only with information related to the completion of the task.
R6-1.1.2 The information displayed should be in a directly usable form to avoid the need to transpose, compute,
interpolate, or translate.
R6-1.1.3 Help information should be task dependent.
R6-1.1.4 Any actions that can appropriately be allocated to the interface software for automatic execution should be
carried out by the software without user involvement.
R6-1.1.5 When designing the dialogue, consideration should be given to the complexity of the task with respect to
the users’ skills and abilities.
R6-1.1.6 The format of input and output should be appropriate to the given task and user requirements.
R6-1.1.7 The dialogue should support the user when performing recurrent tasks.
R6-1.1.8 If default input capabilities exist for a given task (e.g., standard default values) it should not be necessary
for the user to input such values. It should also be possible to replace default values with other values or other
appropriate default values.
R6-1.1.9 During performance of a task in which data is changed, the original data should remain accessible if the
task requires it.
R6-1.1.10 The dialogue should avoid forcing unnecessary task steps.
R6-1.2 The dialog should be self-descriptive.
NOTE R6-3: A dialogue is self-descriptive when each dialogue step is immediately comprehensible through feedback from the
system or is explained to the user on request.
R6-1.2.1 After any user action, the dialogue should provide feedback, where appropriate. If severe consequences
result from the user action, the system should provide explanation and request confirmation before carrying out the
action.
R6-1.2.2 Feedback or explanations should be presented in consistent terminology, which is derived from the task
environment, rather than from the dialogue system technology (e.g., when the user wants to input an order to load a
cassette, LOAD should be the command rather than a code followed by pressing the ENTER key).
R6-1.2.3 Feedback or explanations should assist the user in gaining a general understanding of the dialogue system
as a possible supplement to user training.
R6-1.2.4 Feedback or explanations should be based on the level of knowledge which the typical user may be
expected to have.
R6-1.2.5 Feedback or explanations varying in types and length, based on user needs and characteristics, should be
available for the user.
R6-1.2.6 To enhance their value for the user, feedback or explanations should strictly relate to the situation for
which they are needed.